Visual Detection of Hg2+ Based on Hg2+-Xanthine Complex Preventing Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles

Xanthine, which can specifically bind with mercury ion (Hg2+) to form xanthine-Hg2+-xanthine complex, was used as Hg2+ binding molecule in this paper. In the absence of Hg2+, imide group of xanthine easily adsorbs onto the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and induces aggregation of AuNPs, resulting in a blue color. In the presence of Hg2+, however, the selective binding of xanthine with Hg2+ prevents the AuNPs against xanthine induced aggregation, resulting in a visible color change from blue to red depend on the concentration of Hg2+. Therefore, taking advantage of this phenomenon, a simple, cost-effective and rapid method can be established for Hg2+ visual detection. This method allows the detection of Hg2+ in the range of 0.075-4.0 mu M with a detection limit (3 sigma/slope) of 15 nM, and exhibits a high selectivity toward Hg2+ over other metal ions. Particularly, as low as 0.5 mu M Hg2+ can be easily detected by the naked eye without using any complicated or expensive instruments.