Nimbolide exerts protective effects in complete Freund's adjuvant induced inflammatory arthritis via abrogation of STAT-3/NF-κB/Notch-1 signaling

Aim: Activation of transmembrane Notch-1 receptors through inflammatory cytokines is highly regulated by STAT-3 and NF-.B phosphorylation. Nimbolide (NMB) exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anticancer activities by targeting various pathways. Here, we have investigated the effect of NMB in regulation of STAT-3/NF-kappa B/Notch-1 axis in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced inflammatory arthritis (IA) model. Main methods: The anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of NMB was evaluated both in vitro (IL-1 beta stimulated HIG-82 synovial fibroblasts) and in vivo (CFA induced rat model of IA) models. In vitro anti-arthritic activity was assessed by anti-migratory effect, while in vivo effects were evaluated through radiological and histological analysis. The effect of NMB on STAT-3, NF-kappa B, Notch-1 signaling pathways and proinflammatory cytokines were studied using western blot, immunohistochemistry and ELISA methods. Key findings NMB attenuated the migration of synovial fibroblasts in vitro. It reduced the progression of arthritis as evidenced from the improved radiological and histological abnormalities in arthritic rats. NMB significantly suppressed the nitrosooxidative stress and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. NMB also exhibited remarkable protective activity against upregulation of MAPK, STAT-3 and NF-kappa B phosphorylation mediated Notch-1 signaling pathway in synovial tissue of arthritic rats. Significance: NMB may have clinical therapeutic value in rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting STAT-3/NF-kappa B/ Notch-1 axis and also by reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines.