Investigation on gelation nucleation kinetics of waxy crude oil emulsions by their thermal behavior

Waxy crude oil emulsions exhibit gelation behavior, with nucleation observed within a certain temperature range. A kinetic model was developed and validated based on the thermal parameters obtained from differential scanning calorimetry cooling thermograms, and the nucleation rates of various water-in-waxy crude oil emulsions were determined in the temperature range in which gelation occurs. Although temperature had a dominant effect on the gelation and nucleation behavior of waxy crude oil emulsions, the nucleation rate also increased as the water volume fraction in the emulsion increased. Emulsified water droplets with smaller radii can be completely covered by wax particles, inducing a greater nucleation rate. Subjecting the emulsions to a greater shearing strength also increased the nucleation rate. This study provided new insights into the nucleation processes that occur during the formation of waxy crude oil emulsion gels and, in particular, the role of the emulsification properties.