Use of molecular techniques for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle

This article reviews the main molecular methods used for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infection in cattle. At present, infections with these bacteria constitute a major epidemiological and economical problem in many countries. Its control is difficult because of rising antibiotic resistance and a lack of commercially available vaccines used in specific immunoprophylaxis. M. bovis infection does not cause specific clinical signs, it is therefore important to have an effective and multidirectional diagnosis. Recently, among these are molecular techniques improving the reliability of the mycoplasmal examinations. One of the basic methods is polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Different variations of PCR are constantly enhanced to attain the highest sensitivity and specificity. There were also new methods applied based on other mechanisms. For example, there is the classic PCR modification which includes a highly discriminating identification system for PCR products based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) capable of detecting difficult to cultivate microbes (like most of the mycoplasmas) and bacteria from mixed cultures. Another advanced approach for the diagnosis of M. bovis infections is DNA microarray testing. Mycoplasma diagnosis using a few tests also gives more adequate data about the origin and specific properties of examined microorganisms.