Hepatitis E virus exposure in pregnant women in rural Durango, Mexico

Background and Aim. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection represents a risk for mortality in pregnant women. The seroepidemiology of HEY infection in rural pregnant women in the Americas is largely unknown. The aim of the study was to determine the seroepidemiology of anti-HEV IgG antibodies in rural pregnant women in Durango, Mexico. Materials and methods. The presence of anti-HEY IgG antibodies was determined in 439 pregnant women in rural Durango, Mexico using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Seroprevalence association with socio-demographic, clinical and behavioral characteristics of the women was also investigated. Results. Twenty five (5.7%; 95% CI: 3.88-8.27) of the 439 women (mean age: 24.53 +/- 6.1 years) had anti-HEV antibodies. Multivariate analysis showed that HEY seropositivity was associated with increasing age (OR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20; P = 0.004), consumption of unpasteurized cow milk (OR = 5.37; 95% CI: 1.17-24.63; P = 0.03), and overcrowding at home (OR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.13-4.92; P = 0.02). In contrast, the variables educational level, occupation, socio-economic status, foreign travel, consumption of untreated water and raw or undercooked meat, and raising animals did not show associations with HEV seropositivity. Exposure to HEV was associated with the number of deliveries but not with the number of cesarean sections or miscarriages. Conclusions. This is the first report of seroprevalence and contributing factors for HEY infection in rural pregnant women in the Americas, and of an association of the consumption of unpasteurized cow milk with HEY exposure. Results of this study should be useful for designing optimal preventive measures against HEV infection.