Drains and the periphery of the water system e what do you do when the guidance is outdated?

The periphery of the water system (defined as the last 2 m of pipework from an outlet and ensuing devices including drainage), is the juncture of multiple inherent risks: the necessity to use materials with higher risk of biofilm formation, difficulty in maintaining safe water temperatures, a human interface with drainage systems, poor design, poor layout and use by staff. Add to this risk a large new healthcare facility capital build programme in England, outdated guidance and bacteria emanating from drainage systems containing highly mobile genetic elements (threatening the end of the antibiotic era), and the scene is set for the perfect storm.There is an urgent need for the re-evaluation of the periphery of the water system and drainage systems. Consequently, in this article we examine the requirement and place-ment of hand wash stations (HWSs), design of showers, kitchens and the dirty utility with respect to water services. Lastly, we discuss the provision of safe water to high-risk patient groups. The purpose of this article is to stimulate debate and provide infection control and design teams with support in deviating from the outdated existing guidance and to challenge conventional thinking until new advice is forthcoming. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Healthcare Infection Society.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).