Digital Exclusion During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of How Developed Countries Responded to Support Their Citizens

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the reliance on digital services increased in most developed countries leaving many communities who are digitally excluded cut-off from vital services such as health and social care. Globally, digital exclusion is proposed to be one of the largest issues on discrimination within countries where smart cities and digital-by-default policies have been promoted, preventing certain groups of society from having access to public services. Addressing why people are being digitally excluded is important in improving the access people have to healthcare and other services that improve a person's quality of life. Through a focused review of literature and publicly available secondary information, this paper examines the impact of Covid-19 on digital exclusion in Europe, Scandinavia, North America, and the Asia Pacific region, and the methods that have been successful in limiting digital exclusion. Results show that while some countries handled the COVID 19 pandemic well, other countries' attempts widened the gap with more people becoming digitally excluded.