The Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome: Clinic, pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches

In ICD-10 or DSM IV, the Wernicke-Korsakow Syndrome (WKS) is mentioned among the criteria for the alcohol amnestic disorder. Rarely seen in clinical practice, the Wernicke-Korsakow Syndrome is important in differential diagnosis of amnestic syndromes, because life-threatening conditions can occur. A specific treatment is available for the acute form of Wernicke encephalopathy, in many cases a Wernicke encephalopathy shows a progression to the Korsakow-Syndrome, which is the chronic form of this disease. The aim of this article is to review recent developments in clinical, etiological and pathophysiological research of WKS. The role of thiamin-dependent enzymes like transketolase and the importance of the NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) System is discussed. New trends in diagnostics are shown, as are differential diagnosis and epidemiology. Finally, the rarely investigated drug therapy of the Korsakow syndrome with clonidine and fluvoxamine is reviewed.