Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutations associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affect cellular free radical release in the presence of oxidative stress

Introduction: The exact molecular mechanisms by which mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause motor neuron injury remain incompletely understood, though a body of evidence suggests that the mutant protein exerts a cell-specific toxic gain of function. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in SOD1-related motor neuron injury has been particularly controversial. Theoretically, there are arguments to suggest that NO may exert an important role in motor neuron injury, but there is relatively little direct experimental support for this hypothesis. Objectives: The present study aimed to examine further the potential role for NO in motor neuron injury caused by mutant SOD1. Method: We have generated a cellular model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by stably transfecting NSC34 cells with one of three mutant forms of SOD1 (G93A, G37R, I113T). In the presence of mutant SOD1, NSC34 cells show increased cell death following oxidative stress induced by serum withdrawal. This model of motor neuron death involves cellular release of superoxide and NO radicals, which were directly measured in real time using microelectrode biosensors. Results: The expression of both normal and mutant SOD1 decreased the measured extracellular superoxide release, but had divergent effects on the measured release of NO. Normal SOD1 increased the measured NO release, whereas cells expressing mutant SOD1 released less NO. Co-administration of two different nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (L-NAME and L-N-methyl arginine) did show some neuroprotective effect, but this was only partial, and the effect was more marked using nuclear integrity as a measure of cell viability, rather than MTT conversion. Cells expressing mutant SOD1 were, however, more sensitive to toxicity induced by extrinsic exposure to NO, using a slow-release NO donor. Conclusion: NO is likely to contribute to motor neuron injury, but this does not fully account for all the cellular toxic effects of mutant SOD1.