Cholecystokinin modulation of locomotor behavior in rats is sensitized by chronic amphetamine and chronic restraint stress exposure

DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is a critical substrate mediating locomotor behavior. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is co-localized with dopamine (DA) in up to 90% of mesolimbic DA neurons. We have previously shown that while CCKLambda receptor antagonists generally do not affect locomotor behaviors, systemic administration of a CCKLambda receptor antagonist attenuates amphetamine (AMPH)-induced locomotion in animals previously treated chronically with AMPH, suggesting that chronic stimulant pretreatment may sensitize CCK systems. The present studies examined this issue by testing the effects of CCKLambda antagonists on AMPH- and novel environment-induced locomotor activity following two manipulations which are known to alter mesolimbic system function: Chronic AMPH administration and chronic restraint stress (RS). Additionally, CCK immunoreactivity in the mesolimbic system following these manipulations was examined using immunohistochemistry. Results indicated that intra-NAcc microinjections of the selective CCKLambda receptor antagonist PD-140548 attenuated AMPH-induced and novel environment-induced locomotion only in animals which had previously been exposed to chronic AMPH or chronic RS pretreatment. However, chronic AMPH and chronic RS did not produce detectable changes in the number of CCK-immunostained neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or substantia nigra (SN), or in CCK levels in any of the subregions of the NAcc. Together, these results suggest that the role of endogenous CCK in the modulation of locomotor behaviors is sensitized following chronic psychostimulant or chronic RS exposure. However, this sensitization does not appear to be accompanied by changes in the overall basal levels of CCK or in the number of CCK-positive cells within the mesoaccumbens system. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.