Seed dormancy, germination, seedling emergence, and survival of some temperate perennial pasture grasses in northern New South Wales

A series of seed and seedling studies was undertaken in northern New South Wales for the temperate perennial grasses phalaris ( Phalaris aquatica cv. Sirosa and Australian), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. Demeter), perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne cv. Kangaroo Valley), and 2 wallaby grasses (Austrodanthonia bipartita syn. Danthonia linkii cv. Bunderra and A. richardsonii syn. D. richardsonii cv. Taranna). Studies were conducted to determine the level of dormancy in freshly harvested seed and the time required to overcome it, effects of alternating daily temperatures on the germination of non-dormant seed, effect of time-of-sowing on seedling emergence ( 2 studies) and survival, levels of seed production and soil seedbanks, and the effect of litter cover and soil type on the emergence of Sirosa phalaris seedlings. Grass species, time, and their interaction all had a significant effect ( P < 0.05) on both dispersal unit and caryopses germination. One month after harvest, germination of caryopses was lower ( P < 0.05, 2 and 1%, respectively) for Taranna and Bunderra than for Sirosa (79.5%). In March 1993, germination of the 2 wallaby grasses was also lower ( P < 0.05) than that of Sirosa. Dormancy of freshly harvested seeds of Sirosa was mainly associated with the structures surrounding the caryopses (7.7 v. 79.5% mean germination), but for Taranna and Bunderra it was related to physiological dormancy of the caryopses. Germination levels that were not significantly different to the maximum occurred for temperature ranges of 35/30 - 15/10 &DEG;C [ Sirosa ( commercial)], 35/25 - 15/10 &DEG;C ( Australian phalaris), and 35/30 - 15/05 &DEG;C ( Kangaroo Valley ryegrass). In contrast, maximum germination of wallaby grasses only occurred for Taranna in the temperature range 25/20 - 20/10 &DEG;C, and for Bunderra at 25/15 and 20/15 &DEG;C. Seedling emergence in the field was episodic, occurring on only 3 occasions from 1993 to 1996. No seedlings of Sirosa phalaris, Demeter tall fescue, or Kangaroo Valley ryegrass were successfully recruited, but Taranna and Bunderra successfully recruited new plants from natural seedfalls. Whereas seed production of the perennial grasses studied was relatively high (&SIM; 10000 seed/m(2) in 1992), soil seedbank levels were much lower ( generally < 1000 seeds/m(2)). These data were used to indicate the likely successful establishment of sown perennial grasses or by regeneration from natural seedfall.