Energy loss structures in HAXPES spectra of solids

Energy loss processes of high energy electrons induced by hard X-rays are significantly influencing the shape of the measured electron spectra, therefore the consideration and deeper understanding of these processes is important for extracting information on electronic structure or chemical composition of bulk or near surface region of solids using Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES). Beginning with fundamental concepts and definitions, through discussion of models describing energy loss processes of energetic electrons in the near surface regions of solids and finally discussing methods of corrections for these processes turned to be useful when evaluating hard X-ray induced electron spectra, this review intends to provide a brief summary on this field for users of the HAXPES method. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.