A method to stabilise the performance of negatively fed KM3NeT photomultipliers

被引：5
|
作者：
Adrian-Martinez, S.
Ageron, M.
Aiello, S.
Albert, A. [1 ,2 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,20 ,21 ,22 ,23 ,24 ,25 ,26 ,27 ,28 ,29 ,30 ,31 ,32 ,33 ,34 ,35 ,36 ,37 ,38 ,39 ,40 ,41 ,42 ,43 ,44 ,45 ,46 ,47 ,48 ]
Ameli, F.
Anassontzis, E. G.
Andre, M.
Androulakis, G.
Anghinolfi, M.
Anton, G.
Ardid, M.
Avgitas, T.
Barbarino, G.
Barbarito, E.
Baret, B.
Barrios-Marti, J.
Belias, A. [1 ,2 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,20 ,21 ,22 ,23 ,24 ,25 ,26 ,27 ,28 ,29 ,30 ,31 ,32 ,33 ,34 ,35 ,36 ,37 ,38 ,39 ,44 ,45 ,46 ,47 ,48 ]
Berbee, E.
van den Berg, A.
Bertin, V.
Beurthey, S.
van Beveren, V.
Beverini, N.
Biagi, S.
Biagioni, A. [1 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,20 ,21 ,22 ,23 ,24 ,25 ,26 ,27 ,28 ,29 ,30 ,31 ,32 ,33 ,34 ,35 ,36 ,37 ,38 ,39 ,44 ,46 ,47 ]
Billault, M.
Bondi, M.
Bormuth, R.
Bouhadef, B. [2 ]
Bourlis, G.
Bourret, S.
Boutonnet, C.
Bouwhuis, M.
Bozza, C.
Bruijn, R.
Brunner, J.
Buis, E.
Buompane, R.
Busto, J.
Cacopardo, G.
Caillat, L.
Calamai, M.
Calvo, D.
Capone, A. [1 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,20 ,21 ,22 ,23 ,24 ,25 ,26 ,27 ,28 ,29 ,30 ,31 ,32 ,33 ,34 ,35 ,36 ,37 ,39 ,44 ,46 ,47 ]
Caramete, L.
Cecchini, S.
Celli, S.
Champion, C.
Cherubini, S.
Chiarella, V.
机构：
[1] Accademia Navale Livorno, I-57100 Livorno, Italy
[2] Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CPPM UMR 7346, F-13288 Marseille, France
[3] Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, APC, CEA IRFU, F-75205 Paris, France
[4] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Univ Campus, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
[5] Eberhard Karls Univ Tubingen, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Sand 1, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany
[6] FOM, POB 41882, NL-1098 DB Amsterdam, Netherlands
[7] Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, Erwin Rommel Str 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
[8] Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Sternwartstr 7, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany
[9] GSSI, Viale Francesco Crispi 7, I-67100 Laquila, Italy
[10] Hellenic Open Univ, Sch Sci Technol, Nat Sci, Sahtouri St Ag Andreou St 16, Patras 26222, Greece
[11] Univ Valencia, CSIC, IFIC, Inst Fis Corpuscular, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, Valencia 46980, Spain
[12] IN2P3, IPHC, 23 Rue Loess, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
[13] IN2P3, LPC, Campus Cezeaux 24,Ave Landais BP 80026, F-63171 Aubiere, France
[14] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, CNAF, Vle C Berti Pichat 6-2, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
[15] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Sud, Via S Sofia 62, I-95123 Catania, Italy
[16] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, LNF, Via Enrico Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
[17] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bari, Via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy
[18] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bologna, Vle C Berti Pichat 6-2, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
[19] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
[20] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genoa, Italy
[21] Complesso Univ Monte S Angelo, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Napoli, Via Cintia Ed G, I-80126 Naples, Italy
[22] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
[23] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy
[24] ISS, 242 Vacaresti, Bucharest 40061, Romania
[25] Univ Groningen, KVI CART, Groningen, Netherlands
[26] Leiden Univ, Leiden Inst Phys, POB 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
[27] Natl Ctr Nucl Res, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland
[28] NCSR Demokritos, Inst Nucl & Particle Phys, Ag Paraskevi Attikis, Athens 15310, Greece
[29] NIOZ, POB 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands
[30] N & K Univ Athens, Dept Phys, Athens, Greece
[31] Seconda Univ Napoli, Dipartimento Matemat Fis, Viale Lincoln 5, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
[32] Technol Educ Inst Pireaus, Thivon & P Ralli Str 250, Egaleo 12244, Greece
[33] TNO, Tech Sci, POB 155, NL-2600 AD Delft, Netherlands
[34] Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Fis Astron, Vle C Berti Pichat 6-2, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
[35] Univ Naples Federico II, Complesso Univ Monte S Angelo, Dip Sci Fis Pancini, Via Cintia G, I-80126 Naples, Italy
[36] Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
[37] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy
[38] Univ Politecn Cataluna, Ctr Tecnol Vilanova & Geltru, Lab Aplicac Bioacust, Avda Rambla Exposicio S-N, Vilanova a Geltr 08800, Spain
[39] Univ Politen Valencia, Inst Invest Gest Integrada Zonas Costeras, C Paranimf 1, Gandia 46730, Spain
[40] Univ Strasbourg, Univ Haute Alsace, GRPHE, 34 Rue Grillenbreit, F-68008 Colmar, France
[41] Univ Mohammed, Fac Sci, BV Mohammed VI,BP 717,RP 60000, Oujda 60000, Morocco
[42] Univ Amsterdam, Inst Phys IHEF, POB 94216, Amsterdam, Netherlands
[43] Univ Catania, Dipartimento Fis Astron Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
[44] Univ Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genoa, Italy
[45] Univ Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
[46] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Grp Coll Salerno, Dept Phys, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
[47] Univ Wurzburg, Emil Fischer Str 31, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany
[48] Univ Utrecht, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 80000, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands
来源：
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION | 2016年 / 11卷
关键词：
Instrument optimisation; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics; Neutrino detectors; Photon detectors for UV; visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes; solid-photocathodes); PROTOTYPE;
D O I：
10.1088/1748-0221/11/12/P12014
中图分类号：
TH7 [仪器、仪表];
学科分类号：
0804 ; 080401 ; 081102 ;
摘要：
The KM3NeT research infrastructure, currently under construction in the Mediterranean Sea, will host neutrino telescopes for the identification of neutrino sources in the Universe and for studies of the neutrino mass hierarchy. These telescopes will house hundreds of thousands of photomultiplier tubes that will have to be operated in a stable and reliable fashion. In this context, the stability of the dark counts has been investigated for photomultiplier tubes with negative high voltage on the photocathode and held in insulating support structures made of 3D printed nylon material. Small gaps between the rigid support structure and the photomultiplier tubes in the presence of electric fields can lead to discharges that produce dark count rates that are highly variable. A solution was found by applying the same insulating varnish as used for the high voltage bases directly to the outside of the photomultiplier tubes. This transparent conformal coating provides a convenient and inexpensive method of insulation.
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页数：12
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