Imiquimod in combination with meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis - A randomized assessor-blind controlled trial

Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of imiquimod in combination with meglumine antimoniate in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. Design: Prospective, randomized, assessor-blind, parallel-design, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Two primary care health clinics. Patients: One hundred nineteen patients (59 patients in the imiquimod group and 60 in the placebo group) were included in the study. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to receive a combined 4-week course of imiquimod or placebo with meglumine antimoniate treatment (20 mg/kg of pentavalent antimony daily for 2 weeks) in an endemic area of Leishmania tropica. Main Outcome Measures: The primary end point was clinical cure, defined as more than 75% reduction in the size of lesions compared with baseline at week 8. Results: At the end of the 4-week treatment period, clinical cure was similar in both groups (11 patients [ 18.6%] in the imiquimod-treated group vs 18 patients [30.0%] in the placebo group) (P =. 15). Four weeks after the end of treatment, 26 patients (44.1%) and 29 patients (48.3%) in the imiquimod-treated and placebo groups, respectively, were cured (P=.64). Pruritus and burning sensation were reported by 3 patients treated with imiquimod and by no patients treated with placebo. Conclusion: This study showed no beneficial effect of combining a 4-week course of treatment with 5% imiquimod cream and a standard course of treatment with meglumine antimoniate in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of L tropica.