Improvement of empty palm fruit bunches biodegradability and biogas production by integrating the straw mushroom cultivation as a pretreatment in the solid-state anaerobic digestion

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) have low biodegradability and restrict their commercial utilization in biogas plants. Integration of straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) cultivation as a function of bio-pretreatment on EFB to improve biodegradability and methane production by solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) was investigated. The mushroom yield was 47.3 kg center dot tonne(-1) EFB with remaining weight in spent mushroom-EFB (S-mEFB) of 82%. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of EFB were degraded by 3.3%, 21.3%, and 17.6%, respectively, with an increased surface area of S-mEFB. The biodegradability of S-mEFB (62.7%) was 2 times higher than raw EFB (33.5%) with the highest methane yield and production of 281 mL CH4 center dot g(-1) VS and 50.6 m(3)center dot tonne(-1) S-mEFB, respectively. The co-digestion of S-mEFB with 5% v/w POME had highest methane yield of 405 mL CH4 center dot g(-1) VS with biodegradability of 90.8%. Integrating straw mushroom cultivation with SS-AD is a promising strategy for achieving an environmentally friendly and economically feasible process.