Protein kinase C-dependent activation of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated extrinsic cell death pathway underlies enhanced apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells exposed to bryostatin 1 and flavopiridol

Interactions between the protein kinase C activator bryostatin 1 and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor flavopiridol (FP) have been examined in human myeloid leukemia cells (U937 and HL-60). Previous studies have demonstrated synergistic induction of apoptosis in leukemic cells exposed to the potent differentiation-inducer phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in conjunction with FP [L. Cartee at al., Cancer Res., 61: 2583-2591, 2001]. Although bryostatin 1 (10 nm) is a very weak inducer of differentiation compared with PMA in these cells, coadministration of a minimally toxic concentration of FP (100 nm) did not promote bryostatin 1-related maturation but instead caused a marked increase in mitochondrial damage (e.g., cytochrome c release; loss of Deltapsi(m)), caspase activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and apoptosis. Bryostatin 1/FP-induced apoptosis was significantly diminished in cells ectopically expressing dominant-negative Fas-associated death domain or by coadministration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha soluble receptors, implicating the extrinsic pathway in bryostatin 1/FP actions. Enhanced apoptosis in bryostatin 1/FP-treated cells was accompanied by down-regulation of Mcl-1 and a sustained increase in TNF-alpha release. The selective protein kinase C inhibitor GFX blocked TNF-alpha and cytochrome c release in bryostatin 1/FP-treated cells and attenuated apoptosis. Finally, coadministration of bryostatin 1 (or PMA) with FP induced a marked increase in apoptosis in U937 cells ectopically expressing an NH2-terminal phosphorylation loop-deleted Bcl-2 protein, which are otherwise highly resistant to FP-mediated lethality. Taken together, these findings suggest that synergistic induction of apoptosis by bryostatin 1 and FP does not stem from disruption of the leukemic cell maturation process but instead results from enhanced release of TNF-alpha and activation of the extrinsic apoptotic cascade, culminating in cell death.