Physical forcing of nitrogen fixation and diazotroph community structure in the North Pacific subtropical gyre

Dinitrogen (N-2) fixing microorganisms (termed diazotrophs) exert important control on the ocean carbon cycle. However, despite increased awareness on the roles of these microorganisms in ocean biogeochemistry and ecology, the processes controlling variability in diazotroph distributions, abundances, and activities remain largely unknown. In this study, we examine 3 years (2004-2007) of approximately monthly measurements of upper ocean diazotroph community structure and rates of N-2 fixation at Station ALOHA (22 degrees 45'N, 158 degrees W), the field site for the Hawaii Ocean Time-series program in the central North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSG). The structure of the N-2-fixing microorganism assemblage varied widely in time with unicellular N-2-fixing microorganisms frequently dominating diazotroph abundances in the late winter and early spring, while filamentous microorganisms (specifically various heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria and Trichodesmium spp.) fluctuated episodically during the summer. On average, a large fraction (similar to 80%) of the daily N-2 fixation was partitioned into the biomass of < 10 mu m microorganisms. Rates of N-2 fixation were variable in time, with peak N-2 fixation frequently coinciding with periods when heterocystous N-2-fixing cyanobacteria were abundant. During the summer months when sea surface temperatures exceeded 25.2 degrees C and concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite were at their annual minimum, rates of N-2 fixation often increased during periods of positive sea surface height anomalies, as reflected in satellite altimetry. Our results suggest mesoscale physical forcing may comprise an important control on variability in N-2 fixation and diazotroph community structure in the NPSG.