With the continuous optimization and adjustment of the industrial structure and the rapid development of society, the speed and amount of human development of natural resources have increased, and the global climate and environment have also undergone great changes, and then a series of ecological environment vulnerability problems have emerged, reducing the carrying capacity of the ecological environment itself. In some areas, natural resources are over-exploited to meet people's basic living and production needs, and this activity aggravates the deterioration of the ecological environment. In addition, the state advocates the construction of ecological environment, and some regions formulate policies to restore the ecological environment, thereby improving the ecological environment of the region to a certain extent. Ecological environment vulnerability is an important indicator to judge the sustainable development of a certain area. At present, many scholars have begun to study the issue of "vulnerability' evaluation. For this problem, this paper chooses Sichuan Province as the research object to evaluate the ecological environment vulnerability. Sichuan Province is a province rich in forest land resources in China, with biodiversity and various forest resources. With the rapid economic development of Sichuan Province, the pressure on the ecological environment has increased, and the vulnerability of the ecological environment has also increased. Based on the natural resource data of Sichuan Province, this paper adopts Bayesian network security precaution to establish the ecological environment vulnerability assessment system in Sichuan Province. Slightly vulnerable and mildly vulnerable account for 22.4% and 40.3%, respectively, and extremely vulnerable and severely vulnerable accounts for a total of 20.6%. At the same time, it comprehensively analyzes the impact of different states on ecological environment vulnerability and analyzes the impact of different states of land use, vegetation types, ecological environment sensitivity and elasticity on ecological environment vulnerability.