Biomass-derived 2,5-dimethylfuran as a promising alternative fuel: An application review on the compression and spark ignition engine

Liquid 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) produced from lignocellulosic biomass is considered as a promising transport biofuel since its physicochemical properties are similar to those of petroleum-based fuels. However, it is important to have a thorough review and research on the DMF's synthesis pathway and its application. This paper aims to present a comprehensive assessment of the production process of DMF from lignocellulosic biomass through the catalyst reactions. Moreover, the combustion mechanism and emission formation from the thermal decomposition of DMF are also touched upon in satisfactory detail. More importantly, the application of DMF for spark and compression ignition engines is thoroughly studied on the basis of the performance characteristics and emission behavior. Last but not least, the lubricity and wear properties, knocking, and noise of the engine fueled with DMF are critically evaluated. In general, blending 10% DMF by volume with gasoline or diesel fuel could offer better engine-out emissions than for pure gasoline or pure diesel fuel without compromising performance. However, further studies on the impacts of DMF on the fuel system and engine durability and the optimization of the DMF synthesis process going for low-cost and environment friendliness criteria should be carried out in the future.