Effect of entrained air in abrasive water jet micro-machining: Reduction of channel width and waviness using slurry entrainment

The erosion produced by abrasive water jets is a result of the complex interaction of the three-phase jet (water-air-abrasive) and the target. The objective of the present work was to isolate the effect of the entrained air in abrasive water jet micro-machining (AWJM) by comparing milled surfaces made by AWJM with those produced by high-pressure slurry jet micro-machining (HASJM) while maintaining a constant particle velocity. An existing model developed for abrasive particle velocities in AWJM was modified and used to predict the particle velocity in HASJM, and then verified using a double disc apparatus (DDA). The model allowed prediction of the conditions required to achieve average particle velocities of similar to 255 m/s using the two systems with the same 38 mu m garnet particles. Under this condition of equal particle velocity, there was a very large reduction in the centerline waviness, W-a, of microchannels made in SS316L and A160661-T6 using HASJM; typically 3.4 times smaller waviness than found in channels made with AWJM using the same dose of particles. This was found to be mainly due to the much larger variation in abrasive flow rate in AWJM brought about by the air/particle entrainment system, rather than any fundamental change in erosion mechanism due to the impact of the non-homogeneous three phase air/particle/water in AWJM. The centerline roughness, R-a, was approximately the same in both processes at a traverse velocity of V-t = 4572 mm/min and a nozzle angle of 90 degrees. For both processes, Wa and Ra increased with an increase in pressure and abrasive particle dose, and decreased with an increase in nozzle angle. For micro-channels of a given depth, the widths of those made with HASJM were 26% narrower than those produced with AWJM, mainly due to the wider jet that resulted from the entrained air in AWJM, again at the same particle velocity. The erosion rate in HASJM was found to be about 27% lower mainly because of a smaller width of micro-channels in HASJM. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.