Predicting the Pathologic Complete Response After Neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Background In the PURE-01 study (NCT02736266), we aimed to evaluate the ability to predict the pathologic complete response (pT0N0) after pembrolizumab by using clinical and tumor biomarkers. Methods In an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study, 3 courses of 200mg pembrolizumab preceding radical cystectomy were administered in patients with T2-4aN0M0 muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The analyses included a comprehensive genomic profiling and programmed cell-death-ligand-1 (PD-L1)-combined positive score assessment (CPS; Dako 22C3 antibody) of pre- and posttherapy samples. Multivariable logistic regression analyses evaluated baseline clinical T stage and tumor biomarkers in association with pT0N0 response. Corresponding coefficients were used to develop a calculator of pT0N0 response based on the tumor mutational burden (TMB), CPS, and the clinical T stage. Decision-curve analysis was also performed. All statistical tests were 2-sided. Results From February 2017 to June 2019, 112 patients with biomarker data were enrolled (105 with complete TMB and CPS data). Increasing TMB and CPS values featured a linear association with logistic pT0N0 probabilities (P=.02 and P=.004, respectively). For low TMB values (<= 11 mut/Mb, median value, n=53), pT0N0 probability was not associated with increasing CPS. Conversely, for high TMB values (>11 mut/Mb, n=52), pT0N0 was statistically significantly associated with higher CPS (P=.004). The C index of the pT0N0 probability calculator was 0.77. On decision-curve analysis, the net benefit of the model was higher than the "treat-all" option within the clinically meaningful threshold probabilities of 40%-50%. Conclusions The study presents a composite biomarker-based pT0N0 probability calculator that reveals the complex interplay between TMB and CPS, added to the clinical T stage.