Structural, magnetic, dielectric, and electrical properties of NiFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles prepared by honey-mediated sol-gel combustion

In this study, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a honey-mediated sol-gel combustion method. The synthesized nanoparticles and samples annealed at 800 degrees C and 1100 degrees C were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a cubic spinel ferrite structure. FE-SEM demonstrated the octahedral morphology of the NiFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 10 to 70 nm. Quantitative analysis based on XPS suggested a mixed spinel structure comprising NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. XPS analysis determined occupation formulae of (Ni0.212+Fe0.443+)[Ni0.792+Fe1.563+]O-4 and (Ni0.232+Fe0.503+)[Ni0.772+Fe1.503+]O-4, for the as-prepared NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and those annealed at 1100 degrees C, respectively. Magnetic measurements showed that the saturation magnetization increased with the crystallite size from 32.3 emu/g (20 nm) to 49.9 emu/g (163 nm), whereas the coercivity decreased with the crystallite size from 162 Oe (20 nm) to 47 Oe (163 nm). Furthermore, the dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent, and AC conductivity of the NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were dependent on the frequency (1-10(7) Hz) and grain size. The influence of the grain size was also observed by modulus spectroscopy based on the Cole-Cole plot.