Cell-cycle arrest at G2/M and growth inhibition by apigenin in human colon carcinoma cell lines

Apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid, has been shown to induce cell cycle arrest in both epidermal and fibroblast cells and inhibit skin tumorigenesis in murine models. The present study assessed the influence of apigenin on cell growth and the cell cycle in the human colon carcinoma cell lines SW480, HT-29, and Caco-2. Treatment of each cell line with apigenin (0-80 mu M) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in both cell number and cellular protein content, compared with untreated control cultures. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that treatment with apigenin resulted in G2/M arrest in alt three cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Apigenin treatment (80 mu M) for 48 h produced maximum G2/M arrest of 64%, 42%, and 26% in SW480 cells, HT-29 cells, and Caco-2 cells, respectively, in comparison with control cells (15%). The proportion of S-phase cells was not altered by apigenin treatment in each of the three cell lines. The G2/M arrest was reversible after 48 h of apigenin treatment in the most sensitive cell line SW480. The degree of G2/M arrest by apigenin was inversely correlated with the corresponding inhibition of cell growth measurements in all three cell lines (r = -0.626 to -0.917, P less than or equal to 0.005). Moreover, an immune complex kinase assay demonstrated an inhibition of p34(cdc2) kinase activity, a critical enzyme in GUM transition, in each cell fine after treatment with apigenin (50-80 mu M). Western blot analyses indicated that both p34(cdc2) and cyclin B1 proteins were also decreased after apigenin treatment. These results indicate that apigenin inhibits colon carcinoma cell growth by inducing a reversible G2/M arrest and that this arrest is associated, at least in part, with inhibited activity of p34(cdc2) kinase and reduced accumulation of p34(cdc2) and cyclin B1 proteins. Differences in induction of G2/M arrest by apigenin in the three colon carcinoma cell lines suggest that dietary apigenin may be differentially effective against tumors with specific mutational spectra. Mol. Carcinog. 28. 102-110, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.