Nonstochastic particle acceleration in collisionless shock waves

This paper briefly describes theory and particle simulations of nonstochastic particle acceleration in magnetosonic shock waves; i.e., acceleration of hydrogen ions, heavy ions, electrons, nonthermal energetic ions, and positrons. The first three mechanisms are compared with solar energetic particles. For the last two mechanisms, simulations show that the maximum Lorentz factors of accelerated particles far exceed those of solar energetic particles.