[1] Univ Tecn Lisboa, Dept Econ, UECE Res Unit Complex & Econ, ISEG UTL, Lisbon, Portugal
[2] European Cent Bank, Directorate Gen Econ, Kaiserstr 29, D-60311 Frankfurt, Germany
[3] Nova Sch Business & Econ, Ctr Globalizat & Governance, P-1099032 Lisbon, Portugal