Occurrence and time course of NPS benzodiazepines in Sweden - results from intoxication cases in the STRIDA project

被引:34
|
作者
Backberg, Matilda [1 ]
Bergstrand, Madeleine Pettersson [2 ,3 ]
Beck, Olof [2 ,4 ]
Helander, Anders [2 ,3 ,4 ]
机构
[1] Swedish Poisons Informat Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden
[2] Karolinska Inst, Div Clin Pharmacol, Dept Lab Med, Stockholm, Sweden
[3] Karolinska Inst, Div Clin Chem, Dept Lab Med, Stockholm, Sweden
[4] Karolinska Univ Lab, Dept Clin Pharmacol, Stockholm, Sweden
关键词
Designer benzodiazepines; new psychoactive substances; intoxications; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; DESIGNER BENZODIAZEPINES; IDENTIFICATION; FLUBROMAZOLAM; DRUG; METABOLISM; ABUSE; MECLONAZEPAM; EXPERIENCES; CLONAZOLAM; KINETICS;
D O I
10.1080/15563650.2018.1506130
中图分类号
R99 [毒物学(毒理学)];
学科分类号
100405 ;
摘要
Context: In recent years, many unclassified benzodiazepines (BZD) have appeared through online sale as new psychoactive substances (NPS). This study describes bioanalytical and clinical data related to intoxications involving NPS BZD ("designer BZD") in the Swedish STRIDA project. Study design: Case series of consecutive patients with admitted or suspected intake of NPS presenting to hospitals all over Sweden for emergency treatment in 2012-2016. Patients and method: Urine samples collected in the STRIDA project were analyzed for 28 NPS BZD, using immunoassay and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry . Data of patient's age, gender, reported substance exposure, clinical signs, and treatment were obtained from medical and Poisons Information Center (PIC) records. Results: A total of fifteen different NPS BZD were analytically confirmed in 217 of 1913 (11%) cases involving patients (81% men) aged 15-66 (mean 28) years. The frequency of positive samples increased from 4% in 2012 to 19% in 2015. Etizolam (20 cases) was the first detected NPS BZD (January 2012), and it was followed by metizolam (four cases), estazolam (two), pyrazolam (33), flubromazepam (33), nifoxipam (five), diclazepam (four), meclonazepam (26), bromazepam (one), flubromazolam (92), deschloroetizolam (one), clonazolam (16), 3-hydroxyphenazepam (eight), ketazolam (one), and phenazepam (one). Most cases (89%) also involved other drugs. Use of NPS BZD was rarely (15%) reported during PIC consultation. In 24 patients exposed only to NPS BZD, CNS depression was the most prominent clinical sign, seven were observed in the intensive care unit, and they responded positively to flumazenil treatment. Conclusions: An increasing use of NPS BZD in Sweden was detected in acute intoxication cases, sometimes leading to intensive care monitoring and support needs.
引用
收藏
页码:203 / 212
页数:10
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