The resource service cascade: A conceptual framework for the integration of ecosystem, energy and material services

Sustainable resource use can be approached from a service perspective, via ecosystem services, energy services or material services. In this paper, we propose an overarching conceptual framework, with which to combine all three service theories and practices. To do this, we review and adapt Potschin and Haines-Young's ecosystem service cascade to create a "resource service cascade" and a classification system. By focusing on a resource's function in society rather than its source, we offer an alternative conceptualisation of the tangible aspects of what an ecosystem and socioeconomic system can provide human populations. We rework various definitions to overcome some of the challenges that emerge when accounting for either natural processes or socioeconomic processes but never both simultaneously. To demonstrate how the resource service cascade works conceptually, we highlight the contributions of resources when used in an illumination system/structure through to visual comfort (the service), need satisfiers and some tangible aspects of wellbeing. Future research, in the form of case studies, is required to operationalise the resource service cascade so that its usefulness can be empirically tested.