The complex association between metabolic syndrome and male hypogonadism

Background: The complex association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and male hypogonadism is well established. A number of observational studies show that low testosterone is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk for diabetes mellitus and MetS in men. Aims: To elucidate the association between MetS and male hypogonadism, present epidemiological data on the co-existence of the two comorbidities, enlighten the underlying pathophysiology and appraise the effects of testosterone supplementation therapy (TTh) and lifestyle modifications on MetS and body composition in men. Materials and Methods: Systematic search to PubMed and Medline databases for publications reporting data on association between MetS and male hypogonadism. Results: Both MetS and male hypogonadism have a high prevalence in the general population and are frequently co-existing e.g. in males with diabetes. Accumulating evidence from animal and human studies suggests that MetS is involved in the pathogenesis of hypogonadism in males as well as the other way around. On the other hand, there is evidence for a favorable effect of testosterone supplementation in testosterone deficient men with MetS and/or diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Studies with superior methodological characteristics are needed in order to establish a role for testosterone supplementation in men with MetS and/or diabetes mellitus. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.