HIV-1 Drug Resistance in ART-Naive Individuals in Myanmar

Background: Estimating the prevalence and characterizing the transmission of HIV-1 drug resistance in treatment-naive individuals are very important in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. As one of the areas most affected by HIV/AIDS, few data are currently available for HIV-1 drug resistance in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals in Myanmar, which borders Yunnan, China. Methods: HIV-1 pol sequences from ART-naive HIV-1-infected individuals during 2008 and 2014 in Myanmar were retrieved from our previous studies. HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs were predicted using the Stanford HIVdb program. HIV-1 transmission cluster (TC) was determined by Cluster Picker. Results: A total of 169 partial pol sequences from ART-naive HIV-1 positive Burmese were analyzed. The prevalence of TDR was 20.1%. CRF01_AE and BC recombinants appeared to have a higher prevalence of TDR than other subtypes. The V179D/T was found to be very common in the China-Myanmar border region and was involved in half of the transmission clusters formed by HIV-1 drug-resistance strains in this region. Comparison showed that drug-resistance mutation profile in Myanmar was very similar to that in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan. By further phylogenetic analysis with all available sequences from the China-Myanmar border region, four HIV-1 drug-resistance-related TCs were identified. Three of them were formed by Burmese long-distance truck drivers and the Burmese staying in Yunnan, and another was formed by Burmese injection drug users staying in Myanmar and Yunnan. These results suggest a potential transmission link of HIV-1 drug resistance between Myanmar and Yunnan. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of TDR in Myanmar, and the potential risk of cross-border transmission of HIV-1 drug-resistant strains between Myanmar and Yunnan, China, ongoing monitoring of HIV-1 drug resistance in ART-naive individuals will provide a guideline for clinical antiretroviral treatment and benefit the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in this border region.