Improvements on neuromuscular performance with caffeine ingestion depend on the time-of-day

Objectives: To determine whether the ergogenic effects of caffeine ingestion on neuromuscular performance are similar when ingestion takes place in the morning and in the afternoon. Design: Double blind, cross-over, randomized, placebo controlled design. Methods: Thirteen resistance-trained males carried out bench press and full squat exercises against four incremental loads (25%, 50%, 75% and 90% 1RM), at maximal velocity. Trials took place 60 min after ingesting either 6 mg kg(-1) of caffeine or placebo. Two trials took place in the morning (AM(PLAC) and AM(CAFF)) and two in the afternoon (PMPLAC and PMCAFF), all separated by 36-48 h. Tympanic temperature, plasma caffeine concentration and side-effects were measured. Results: Plasma caffeine increased similarly during AM(CAFF) and PMCAFF. Tympanic temperature was lower in the mornings without caffeine effects (36.7 +/- 0.4 vs. 37.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C for AM vs. PM; p < 0.05). AM(CAFF) increased propulsive velocity above AM(PLAC) to levels similar to those found in the PM trials for the 25%, 50%, 75% 1RM loads in the SQ exercise (5.4-8.1%; p<0.05). However, in the PM trials, caffeine ingestion did not improve propulsive velocity at any load during BP or SQ. The negative side effects of caffeine were more prevalent in the afternoon trials (13 vs. 26%). Conclusions: The ingestion of a moderate dose of caffeine counteracts the muscle contraction velocity declines observed in the morning against a wide range of loads. Caffeine effects are more evident in the lower body musculature. Evening caffeine ingestion not only has little effect on neuromuscular performance, but increases the rate of negative side-effects reported. (C) 2014 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.