Degradation of polymetallic nodules during hydraulic transport under influence of particle-wall and particle-particle interaction

The mining of polymetallic nodules from the seafloor at depths down to 6000 m requires the excavation of nodules with a seafloor mining tool, the transport of nodules as a slurry through a jumper hose connecting the mining tool to a vertical hydraulic transport system and the transport of the nodules through the vertical lifting pipe. We focus on a concept with conventional hydraulic transport, using a series of centrifugal pump booster stations. The nodules will be transported in different flow regimes, ranging from a sliding bed (in the jumper hose) to a homogeneous suspension (vertical flow). Each regime gives rise to degradation of the nodules in a different way. It is important to understand the degradation mechanisms in detail in order to predict the particle size distribution of the slurry leaving the riser. This particle size distribution is a key design parameter for design of processing equipment and for environmental impact assessment. In this article we present the results of experimental work on abrasive wear (particle-wall interaction) and attrition (particle-particle interaction) of polymetallic nodules from the Clarion Clipperton Zone and we discuss its applicability to engineering practice.