Modulatory interactions of resting-state brain functional connectivity in major depressive disorder

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is mediated by chronic dysregulation of complex neural circuits, particularly the specific neurotransmitters or other neural substrates. Recently, both increases and decreases in resting-state functional connectivity have been observed in patients with MDD. However, previous research has only assessed the functional connectivity within a specific network or some regions of interests, without considering the modulatory effects of the entire brain regions. To fill in the research gap, this study employed PPI (physiophysiological interaction) to investigate the functional connectivity in the entire brain regions. Apart from the traditional PPI used for cognitive research, current PPI analysis is more suitable for exploring the neural mechanism in MDD patients. Besides, this PPI method does not require a new cognitive estimation task and can assess the modulatory effects on different part of brain without prior setting of regions of interest. Methods: First, we recruited 76 outpatients with major depressive disorder, and conducted MR1 scan to acquire structural and functional images. As referred to the previous study of resting-state networks, we identified eight well-defined intrinsic resting-state networks by using independent component analysis. Subsequently, we explored the regions that exhibited synchronous modulatory interactions within the network by executing PPI analysis. Results: Our findings indicated that the modulatory effects between healthy crowed and patient are different. By using PPI analysis in neuroimaging can help us to understand the mechanisms of neural disruptions in MDD patients. In addition, this study provides new insight into the complicated relationships between three or more regions of brain, as well as different brain networks functions in external and internal. Conclusion: Furthermore, the functional connectivity may deepen our knowledge regarding the complex brain functions in MDD patients and suggest a new multimodality treatment for MDD including targeted therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation.