Remote ischemic postconditioning protects the brain from global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by up-regulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase through the PI3K/Akt pathway

Remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPoC) attenuates ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart, lung and hind limb. RIPoC performed in the hind limb reduces brain injury following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Whether RIPoC has a neuroprotective effect with respect to global cerebral I/R injury is, however, unknown, and the mechanism of neuroprotection needs further elucidation. Here we investigated whether RIPoC could reduce global cerebral I/R injury in rats and whether this neuroprotective effect was induced by up-regulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) through the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway. Global cerebral ischemia was performed via 8 mm of four-vessel occlusion. Neuronal density, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the hippocampal CA1 region were assessed after reperfusion. Morris water maze task was used to quantify spatial learning and memory deficits after reperfusion. The expression of eNOS, phosphorylated eNOS (Ser1177), Akt and phosphorylated Akt (Ser473) in the CA1 region was measured after reperfusion. RIPoC significantly attenuated delayed neuronal death and reduced the spatial learning and memory deficits associated with global cerebral ischemia. Pre-administration of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (a nonselective NOS inhibitor) significantly abolished the neuroprotective effect of RIPoC. Moreover, pre-administration of LY294002 (a highly selective inhibitor of PI3K) not only significantly reversed the neuroprotective effect of RIPoC, but also obviously inhibited the up-regulation of eNOS induced by RIPoC. Our findings suggest that RIPoC protects the brain against global cerebral I/R injury and that this neuroprotection is mediated by up-regulating eNOS through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.