Precipitation over East Asia simulated by ECHAM6.3 with different schemes of cumulus convective parameterization

This study investigates the applicability of five cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs) for precipitation simulation in East Asia with the atmospheric model ECHAM6.3. Besides the built-in Tiedtke-Nordeng-Tiedtke (TNT) scheme, four updated schemes are implemented in ECHAM6.3: two modified Tiedtke schemes, the simplified Arakawa-Schubert scheme (SAS), and the Betts-Miller-Janjic scheme (BMJ). An overall assessment of seasonal climatology shows that the SAS and the two modified Tiedtke schemes have clear advantages over the default TNT scheme. The spatial pattern of precipitation climatology and seasonal variations are successfully reproduced by all CPSs. Biases of rainfall distribution are strongly modulated by the simulation of atmospheric circulation systems over East Asia. The main characteristics of summer monsoonal precipitation, including the increase in rainfall and rain belt migration under the influence of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), are successfully captured. However, there are large model diversities in the location and intensity of rain centers around Southeast China and the Korean Peninsula. In addition, all simulations of Meiyu rain band migration are farther north than observed. The SAS scheme is the best of the five CPSs in simulating the timing and intensity of seasonal rainfall variations. The results also suggest that the environmental feedback of a CPS is a key factor that determines the applicability of the CPS in a particular climate model.