Gradient of association between parenting styles and patterns of drug use in adolescence: A latent class analysis

Background: To identify different patterns of drug use in adolescence and determine if these are associated with parenting styles and other sociodemographic factors. Methods: A latent class analysis was conducted using baseline data collected in a sample (n = 6381) from a randomized controlled trial conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the #Tamojunto drug-use prevention program, carried out with 7th- and 8th-grade public school students in six Brazilian cities. Results: Three latent classes were identified among the students: 1) abstainers/low users (81.54%), 2) alcohol users/binge drinkers (16.65%), and 3) polydrug users (1.80%). A gradient of inverse association was found between parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and indulgent, with the neglectful style as a reference point) and the classes "alcohol users/binge drinkers" (aOR = 0.36, 95%CI = 0.27-0.47; aOR = 0.56, 95%CI = 0.43-0.72; and aOR = 0.64, 95%CI = 0.51-0.80, respectively) and "polydrug users" (aOR = 0.09, 95%CI = 0.03-0.24; aOR = 0.23, 95%CI = 0.11-0.52; and aOR = 0.24, 95%CI = 0.08-0.74, respectively). Associations were also revealed between the latent classes and the adolescent's age and socioeconomic status. Conclusion: The results suggest that activities to develop parenting skills should be included in school programs aimed at the prevention of drug use among adolescents in order to reduce neglectful practices and thereby possibly reduce drug use among the children.