Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain Aging

被引:28
|
作者
Genovese, Tiziana [1 ]
Siracusa, Rosalba [1 ]
Fusco, Roberta [1 ]
D'Amico, Ramona [1 ]
Impellizzeri, Daniela [1 ]
Peritore, Alessio Filippo [1 ]
Crupi, Rosalia [2 ]
Gugliandolo, Enrico [2 ]
Morabito, Rossana [1 ]
Cuzzocrea, Salvatore [1 ,3 ]
Salinaro, Angela Trovato [4 ]
Cordaro, Marika [5 ]
Di Paola, Rosanna [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Messina, Dept Chem Biol Pharmaceut & Environm Sci, Viale Ferdinando Stagno DAlcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
[2] Univ Messina, Dept Vet Sci, I-98168 Messina, Italy
[3] St Louis Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Physiol Sci, Sch Med, St Louis, MO 63104 USA
[4] Univ Catania, Dept Biomed & Biotechnol Sci, I-95124 Catania, Italy
[5] Univ Messina, Dept Biomed Dent & Morphol & Funct Imaging, Via Consolare Valeria, I-98125 Messina, Italy
关键词
atrazine; endocrine disruptor; oxidative stress; inflammation; brain alterations; aging; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; HERBICIDE ATRAZINE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CANCER INCIDENCE; ISCHAEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY; PESTICIDE APPLICATORS; LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY; EXPOSURE; PALMITOYLETHANOLAMIDE; WATER;
D O I
10.3390/ijms22157938
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Background: exposure to environmental contaminants has been linked to an increased risk of neurological diseases and poor outcomes. Chemical name of Atrazine (ATR) is 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N '-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, and it is the most commonly used broad-spectrum herbicide in agricultural crops. Several studies have demonstrated that ATR has the potential to be harmful to the brain's neuronal circuits. Until today nobody has explored the effect of ATR inhalation on young and aged mice. Methods: young and aged mice were subject to 25 mg of ATR in a vehicle made with saline and 10% of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) every day for 28 days. At the end of experiment different behavioral test were made and brain was collected. Results: exposure to ATR induced the same response in terms of behavioral alterations and motor and memory impairment in mice but in aged group was more marked. Additionally, in both young and aged mice ATR inhalations induced oxidative stress with impairment in physiological antioxidant response, lipid peroxidation, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (nf-kappa b) pathways activation with consequences of pro-inflammatory cytokines release and apoptosis. However, the older group was shown to be more sensitive to ATR inhalation. Conclusions: our results showed that aged mice were more susceptible compared to young mice to air pollutants exposure, put in place a minor physiologically response was seen when exposed to it.
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页数:19
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