Heavy Metals and Nutrients Loads in Water, Soil, and Crops Irrigated with Effluent from WWTPs in Blantyre City, Malawi

被引:6
|
作者
Malikula, Raymond S. [1 ]
Kaonga, Chikumbusko C. [1 ]
Mapoma, Harold W. T. [1 ]
Thulu, Fabiano G. D. [1 ]
Chiipa, Petra [1 ]
机构
[1] Malawi Univ Business & Appl Sci MUBAS, Phys & Biochem Sci Dept, P Bag 303, Blantyre 312225 3, Malawi
关键词
heavy metals; health risk assessment; wastewater; biological parameters; wastewater treatment plants; QUALITY;
D O I
10.3390/w14010121
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Heavy metals may cause acute and chronic toxic effects to humans and other organisms, hence the need to treat wastewater properly, as it contains these toxicants. This work aimed at assessing zinc, copper, cadmium, and chromium in water, soil, and plants that are irrigated with effluent from Manase and Soche Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Blantyre, Malawi. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to assess the heavy metals. Heavy Metal Health Risk Assessment (HMHRA) on plants (vegetables) around both WWTPs was also conducted. Average daily dose (ADD) and target hazard quotients (THQ) were used to assess HMHRA. Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods from American Public Health Association (APHA). The heavy metal ranges were below detection limit (BDL) to 6.94 mg/L in water, 0.0003 to 4.48 mg/kg in soil, and 3 to 32 mg/L in plants. The results revealed that plants irrigated with effluent from WWTP had high values of aforementioned metals exceeding the Malawi Standards and WHO permissible limits. Furthermore, the health risk assessment values showed that vegetables consumed for a long period of time from Manase WWTP were likely to cause adverse health effects as compared to those from Soche WWTP.
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页数:13
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