A 2-D finite-element formulation for unambiguous torque calculation

We propose and develop a 2-D finite-element formulation based on the virtual work and the Maxwell stress methods for solving the problems of uncertainty and ambiguity that are common in calculating torque of rotating electric machines. We verify the formulation by applying it to an ideal induction motor model, for which an exact analytical solution is readily obtained. We then compare the formulation against standard methodologies. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the formulation.