A Supervisory Control for Resilient Operation of the Battery-Enabled DC Fast Charging Station and the Grid

This paper presents and evaluates a discrete-event control-based Supervisory Controller (SC) for a grid-connected, battery-enabled, DC Fast-Charging (DCFC) station for Electric Vehicles' (EVs). The SC enhances operational resiliency of the DCFC station and its host grid by decoupling the dynamics and limiting the steady-state power between the station and its host grid. The charging station includes multiple DCFC units, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), a solar-PV unit, and a grid-interface Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC). The SC (i) limits the station-imported power from the grid based on the grid-imposed requirements, (ii) dynamically dispatches power flow among the grid, PV unit, DCFC units, and BESS to meet charging needs of EVs and when applicable charges BESS or exports power to the grid, (iii) protects the BESS by enforcing its state of charge upper and lower limits and the maximum charge/discharge rates, and (iv) enables the VSC to provide grid ancillary services, if required. Simulation results in PLECS software platform are given to assess the dynamic performance of the proposed SC in response to various discrete events/transitions. The SC algorithm is implemented on a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and verified based on real-time Hardware-In-the-Loop approach using an OPAL-RT platform.