The performativity of Ibn al-Muqaffa's 'Kalila wa Dimna' and 'Al-Maqamat al-Luzumiyya' of al-Saraqusti

While not written for performance, works of medieval Arabic literature such as Ibn al-Muquffa 's "Kalila wa Dimna" and al-Saraqusti's "al-Maqamat al-luzumiyya" are extremely performative in nature, in that their structure is determined by representation of acts of performance. This is achieved either explicitly, by describing the performer or storyteller in the act of performing, or implicitly, by citing a performance carried out as part of a chain of narrative transmission, as in the "isnad" of a "hadith". The ways in which narrative performance is represented in these texts are reflective of the culture of performance and attitudes toward different types of performances that obtained in medieval Islam. Ibn al-Muqaffa was a pioneer in the introduction of literary prose narrative to Arabic literature. He paved the way for later innovators such as al-Hamadhani and al-Saraqusti, who brought literary fiction to Arabic literature by adapting traditionally accepted modes of oral narrative transmission into literary prose.