Effects of GSM-like radiofrequency irradiation during the oogenesis and spermiogenesis of Xenopus laevis

We aimed to evaluate the effect of GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on the oogenesis, and spermiogenesis of Xenopus laevis, and so the development of the embryos obtained from Normal Females+Normal Males (i.e. "N(F)+N(M)"); Normal Females+RF-exposed Males (i.e. "N(F)+RF(M)"); RF-exposed Female+Normal Male (i.e. "RF(F)+N(M)"); and RF-exposed Female+RF-exposed Male (i.e. "RF(F)+RF(M)". Various, assessments were performed to determine potential teratogenic effects and mortality, body growth and behavior on first generation embryos. After exposing adults frogs of both sexes to 900 MHz RF-EMR (at 1.0 W/kg) for 8 h a day over a 5-week period, the embryos' specific energy absorption rate (SAR) was calculated. In our present study (control group; 2.2% abnormal, 0.0% dead); with the N(F)+RF(M) combination, the long-term exposure of adult males to GSM-like radiation at 900 MHz (RF: 2 W) for 5 week/8 h/day resulted in normal, abnormal and dead embryo ratios of 883%, 3.3% and 8.3%, respectively (p < 0.001). In the RF(F)+N(M) combination, long-term exposure (5 week/8 h/day) of adult females led to normal, abnormal and dead embryo ratios of 76.7%, 11.7%, and 11.7%, respectively (p < 0.001). And in the RF(F)+RF(M) combination, long-term exposure (5 week/8 h/day) of both adult males and females led to normal, abnormal and dead embryo ratios of 73.3%, 11.7%, and 15%, respectively (p < 0.001). With the exception RF(F)+RF(M) group (p < 0.001), no significant changes were observed on body growth (lengths) in comparison to the control group. It was also observed that the offspring of female adult Xenopus exposed to RF-EMR during oogenesis exhibited a more aggressive behavior compared to the control group. Cell phones radiation can thus lead to detrimental effects in humans' male and female reproductive cells. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.