Occurrence of N-nitrosodimethylamine in South Korean and imported alcoholic beverages

Volatile N-nitrosamine ( VNA) levels in South Korean and imported alcoholic beverages were determined between 1995 and 2002. A total of 147 alcoholic beverages, including lager beer, whisky, liqueurs and traditional Korean alcoholic beverages ( Chungju, Takju and Soju), were analysed for their VNA content by GC-TEA. Of eight VNAs ( N-nitrosodimethylamine ( NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine ( NDEA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine ( NPYR), N-nitrosomorphorine ( NMOR), N-nitrosodibuthylamine ( NDBA), N-nitrosopiperidine ( NPIP), N-nitrosodiprophylamine ( NDPA) and N-nitrosodiphenylamine ( NDPhA)) only NDMA was detected. In 1995, NDMA was detected in 79.3% of domestic beers; the average was 0.8 mu g kg(-1). Seven years later, the average NDMA level for 18 domestic beers was 0.3 mg kg(-1) and it was positive in 55.6% samples. In whisky and liqueurs, NDMA levels averaged < 0.1 mu g kg(-1) in both 1995 and 2002. Average NDMA levels of Chungju in 1995 were < 0.1 mg kg(-1), but NDMA was not detected in 2002. Takju had undetectable levels of NDMA both times. In 1995, NDMA was found in four of six Soju samples, but in 2002, NDMA could not be detected.