Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of GABA Accumulation during Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Germination

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with a history of 5000 years as food is extremely rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a natural four-carbon non-protein amino acid with great benefits to human health. In quinoa, GABA generally increases with the germination time, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. Here, we found that the GABA content in quinoa varied significantly among 25 varieties using an automatic amino acid analyzer. Next, six varieties (three low-GABA and three high-GABA varieties) were used for further analyses. The content of GABA in six varieties all showed an increasing trend after germination. In addition, Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the changes in GABA content were closely related to the transcript level or enzyme activity of three key enzymes including glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA transaminase (GABA-1), and succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) in the GABA shunt, especially GAD. Based on RNA-sequencing analysis, eight GAD genes, two GABA-T genes, one SSADH gene, nine polyamine oxidase (PAO) genes, five diamine oxidase (DAO) genes, four 4-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) genes, and three thermospermine synthase ACAULISS (ACLS) genes were identified. Among these, CqGAD8 and CqGABA-T2 may make a greater contribution to GABA accumulation during quinoa germination.