Differential Contributions of DNA-Binding Proteins to Polycomb Response Element Activity at the Drosophila giant Gene

Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins are evolutionarily conserved epigenetic regulators whose primary function is to maintain the transcriptional repression of target genes. Recruitment of Drosophila melanogaster PcG proteins to target genes requires the presence of one or more Polycomb Response Elements (PREs). The functions or necessity for more than one PRE at a gene are not clear and individual PREs at some loci may have distinct regulatory roles. Various combinations of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins are present at a given PRE, but only Pleiohomeotic (Pho) is present at all strong PREs. The () locus has two PREs, a proximal PRE1 and a distal PRE2. During early embryonic development, Pho binds to PRE1 similar to 30-min prior to stable binding to PRE2. This observation indicated a possible dependence of PRE2 on PRE1 for PcG recruitment; however, we find here that PRE2 recruits PcG proteins and maintains transcriptional repression independently of Pho binding to PRE1. Pho-like (Phol) is partially redundant with Pho during larval development and binds to the same DNA sequences in vitro. Although binding of Pho to PRE1 is dependent on the presence of consensus Pho-Phol-binding sites, Phol binding is less so and appears to play a minimal role in recruiting other PcG proteins to . Another PRE-binding protein, Sp1/Kruppel-like factor, is dependent on the presence of Pho for PRE1 binding. Further, we show that, in addition to silencing gene expression, PcG proteins dampen transcription of an active gene.