An NDE methodology to predict density in green-state powder metallurgy compacts

Extensive work at PMRC has established a clear correlation between green-state density and electric conductivity of P/M parts. By monitoring a static electric current flow through the pre-sintered P/M sample and recording the voltage response over its surface, sufficient information can be gathered to predict the density profile throughout the sample volume. In this paper, the formulation and implementation of a novel numerical forward and inverse formulation will be presented that is capable of relating DC voltage measurements to green-state density distributions. It will be shown that this methodology is applicable to both lubricated and lubricant-free compacts. We will present a general forward solution that enables the calculation of three-dimensional surface voltages for a given set of boundary conditions and a known conductivity/density distribution throughout the P/M sample. This formulation is particularly useful for the development of new sensors and measurement arrangements, since it permits the optimization of current injection patterns and voltage probe locations. Our novel inverse solution adjusts the conductivity/density profile so as to determine the conductivity distribution that matches most closely a given set of voltage data on the surface. Practical measurements with a range of green-state P/M samples will underscore the success and usefulness of this modeling approach.