Joint effects of elevated levels of ultraviolet-B radiation, carbon dioxide and ozone on plants

There is growing interest regarding the joint effects of elevated levels of surface ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation, carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O-3) on plants. Our current knowledge of this subject is too limited to draw any specific conclusions, although one might state that such effects are likely to be highly species dependent and may be more than additive, additive or less than additive. There are a number of uncertainties associated with the experimental protocols used and the conclusions reached in many studies. Nevertheless, in North America, there appear to be genotypes of three monocot crop species (Avena sativa L., Oryza sativa L. and Sorghum vulgare L.); six dicot crops (Cucumis sativus L., Lactuca sativa L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L. and Solanum tuberosum L.) and two conifer species (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. and Pinus taeda L.) that may be considered sensitive to the joint effects of elevated levels of UV-B, CO2 and O-3. However, to provide a more reliable assessment or validation of the predictions, future research must consider the concept of plant response surfaces and describe them more fully in numerical terms. Achieving that objective will require close cooperation among a number of scientists representing geographic locations with known spatial and temporal differences in UV-B, CO2 and O-3 to conduct experiments under their site-specific conditions, using common plant materials and experimental protocols.