Effectiveness of Digital Interventions for Improving Glycemic Control in Persons with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression Analysis

Background: Digital interventions may assist patients with type 2 diabetes in improving glycemic control. We aimed to synthesize effect sizes of digital interventions on glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) levels and to identify effective features of digital interventions targeting patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and PsycINFO were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of digital interventions with usual care. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for eligibility and determined study quality, using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. The Behavioral Change Technique Taxonomy V1 (BCTTv1) was used to identify BCTs used in interventions. Mean HbAlc differences were pooled using analysis of covariance to adjust for baseline differences and pre post correlations. To examine effective intervention features and to evaluate differences in effect sizes across groups, meta -regression and subgroup analyses were performed. Results: Twenty-three arms of 21 RCTs were included in the meta -analysis (n = 3787 patients, 52.6% in intervention arms). The mean HbAlc baseline differences ranged from 0.2% to 0.64%. The pooled mean HbAlc change was statistically significant (-0.39 {95% CI: [-0.51 to 0.26]} with substantial heterogeneity [/2 statistic, 80.8%]) and a significant HbAlc reduction was noted for web -based interventions. A baseline HbAlc level above 7.5%, /3=-0.44 (95% CI: [-0.81 to 0.06]), the BCTs "problem solving,3=-1.30 (95% CI: [-2.05 to 0.54]), and "self -monitoring outcomes of behavior,"=-1.21 (95% CI: [-1.95 to 0.46]) were significantly associated with reduced HbAlc levels. Conclusions: Digital interventions appear effective for reducing HbAlc levels in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.