Hybrid particle-element bond graphs for impact dynamics simulation

Particle methods offer an efficient modeling approach to number of impact dynamics problems not well suited to conventional Eulerian finite difference or Lagrangian finite element methods. Unfortunately, the most popular of these particle methods (smooth particle hydrodynamics) exhibits important deficiencies, in part related to its treatment of boundaries and interparticle tension, and suffers from a rather ad hoc model formulation approach. A hybrid particle-element kinematic scheme and an energy-based, bond graph modeling approach have been combined ro produce a new impact dynamics simulation method, free of many problems which have hindered the effective application of various particle and continuum methods. [S0022-0434(00)00602-X].