Tension pneumopericardium: case report

Pneumopericardium is defined as the presence of air within the pericardial space. It is an uncommon complication of blunt or penetrating chest trauma and may also occur iatrogenically. 'Simple' pneumopericardium produces no discernible circulatory compromise; however, simple pneumopericardium may progress rapidly to produce cardiovascular compromise or circulatory collapse, when it is termed 'tension' pneumopericardium. Tension pneumopericardium requires emergent drainage of the pericardial sac. Failure to achieve rapid effective drainage may result in cardiac arrest. Drainage of the pericardial sac may be achieved by either percutaneous or open drainage technique. Formation of a sub-xiphoid pericardial window has been advocated as a rapid and effective means of achieving open drainage. This may be carried out at the bedside with minimal equipment, and the authors advocate this technique as the preferred option for achieving drainage. This case demonstrates the rapid and dramatic deterioration to cardiac arrest of a multiply injured trauma patient with radiologically confirmed pneumopericardium. The effectiveness of open drainage via a sub-xiphoid pericardial window at the bedside with resultant return of spontaneous circulation is also shown. In addition, the pathogenesis and natural history of this uncommon condition are reviewed and the options for management are discussed.