Optimal Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Charging with Energy Storage Facility in Smart Grid

An increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) make transition energy request from gasoline to electricity possible. As a result, the EVs play a new major role in the smart grid system. Along with the rapid development of energy storage technology, the battery stations constructued for EVs can also provide power to many other applications at lower cost, compared with the power generator, in peak load hours. To achieve such a goal, an efficient collaboration among EVs and battery stations is a new challenge. In this paper, the features of EV charging and battery charging/discharging problems are formulated using a bilevel programming model. The objective is to minimize the EV charging cost, with the maximal battery station operation revenue. The simulation shows the rescheduled charging activities can shift to avoid peak load while the peak load can be shaved by battery discharging.